Animals and insects use whiskers and antennae for orientation, foraging, stalking prey, finding mates, and fighting. This article explores the function of whiskers and antennae…
Amongst the various muscular organs that lack a skeletal support system, whether it be the tongues of terrestrial vertebrates or the trunks of elephants, the…
Artificial neural networks are used to mimic the functionalities of the brain via computing systems. This paper will first examine the general structure and function…
From adhesive pads used by reptiles to climb against gravity, secretion from birds to construct their nests, to adhesions used by spiders to catch prey,…
An aspect of life that almost any living organism seems to have to deal with is senescence, or the biological ageing and gradual deterioration of…
Life, and therefore the very genes that determine its properties and expression, cannot stay stagnant as it is invariably fighting for shared territory, for shared…
Sleep is a phenomenon that has been observed to naturally recur in all animals, and which is crucial to their functioning, as it has been…
Birds are the only animals alive that have developed feathers, evolving from the scales of reptiles. Feathers are necessary for flight, insulation, and courtship displays.…
A bird’s wings are essential for transportation and mobility. All species of birds have different wings that can differ in many aspects: wingspan, wing color,…