Abstract There are many different types of interspecies interactions, and they can benefit or harm the organisms involved. This paper briefs several cases where organisms interact with each other in ways that involve transportation, namely using other species for the purpose of transport. The theme of transport focuses on the
Abstract Communication in the animal kingdom has been explored by humans for centuries. As the species with the most elaborate form of communication, language, we seek to understand how other species interact amongst themselves. Though we are unable to comprehend their communication in the way that we understand our own
Abstract Navigating an unfamiliar environment can prove difficult for organisms that lack the necessary adaptations. Nevertheless, some animals possess unique senses that help them with the perception of their specific surroundings. Over many years of evolution, they have adopted ‘superpowers,’ ranging beyond our five senses. These abilities aid their species
Abstract Sexual dimorphisms are defined as the differences in size and anatomy between sexes of animals of the same species. These differences arise from reproductive pressures and oftentimes have no survival benefits. The manifestation of such sexual dimorphisms varies significantly based on courting and mating practices. In this essay, we
Abstract Migration is a fascinating phenomenon that occurs in many disparate corners of the animal kingdom. To better understand how it works, its similarities, and its differences in relation to variation across species we have explored eight different examples. The microstructure of the Bean Goose’s feather allows durable and light
Abstract Lactation constitutes an important aspect of mammalian physiology and reproduction and is a key trait that defines mammals. The evolution of lactation is a story of great controversy, however, and the main theories behind the apparition of mammary glands will be discussed in the following paragraphs. In addition, the
Abstract The evolutionary race of weaponry may be observed in many natural circumstances. In the context of antagonistic relationships between animals, a fascinating struggle, namely the arms race, is a common occurrence. Species and individuals strive for the advantage over one another in a race for survival and resources by
Abstract Fundamentally, foraging is the action of searching and collecting for food in nature. Unlike hunting, which is distinguished by active pursuit and flight, foraging centers around detection, gathering and transport. Every animal has their individualized method for foraging, nevertheless, these methods are either designed to be performed individually or
Introduction The Turing pattern, which is further explained in the paper, is an observed pattern in natural systems ranging from cheetah print to coral growth. Alan Turing proposed a mathematical model to describe pattern formation based on reaction and diffusion rates of morphogens, and this model holds true for a
Abstract The narwhal’s tusk is a fascinating organ as it has the composition of a tooth but very different properties, in particular its ability to grow in a straight line. To understand the design mechanism allowing this particular feature, we will first present the composition, function and properties of the
Abstract This paper discusses the design of the spine in bison and how these animals support their heads without tiring quickly. Furthermore, the purposes of spinal modeling are discussed along with their real-life applications. Introduction The spine is crucial to the function of all vertebrates as it is allows movement,
Abstract Biological information storage and processing form the foundation for understanding organisms’ operation in nature. In this report, we examine the signaling and mathematical components of the skin from a portfolio of animals to illustrate their significance in governing the biomolecular and structural components in which they are intertwined. Particularly,